Who explicitly states that a hobby should generate income to be worthwhile?

The word “discipline” in Noah Tan’s post is closest in meaning to…

Who posted the least relevant answer to Sophie Miller’s question?

Who highlights a hobby’s benefit by connecting it to mental well-being?

What is the tone of the thread regarding beneficial hobbies?

TEXT 1
The process of learning a second language involves intricate cognitive functions, one of which is working memory. Working memory refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information. Researchers argue that individuals with stronger working memory capacity tend to excel in mastering linguistic components such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This cognitive skill allows learners to process new language rules while simultaneously recalling previously learned material. Moreover, studies suggest that working memory interacts with the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for decision-making and attention control, to facilitate language acquisition.

However, working memory capacity varies among individuals, which may explain why some people find language learning more challenging than others. For instance, when learners encounter complex sentence structures, those with limited working memory may struggle to decode meaning or retain new words. This variability highlights the importance of tailored teaching methods that accommodate different cognitive strengths.

(Adapted from https://www.frontiersin.org)

TEXT 2
A recent experiment conducted at a university language center explored how working memory influences second-language fluency. The study involved bilingual participants who were tasked with translating sentences under time pressure. Researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity, focusing on the parietal lobe, an area linked to memory and sensory integration. The results revealed that participants with higher working memory capacity displayed faster translation speeds and fewer errors. Interestingly, their parietal lobe activity showed heightened activation during the task, suggesting a strong reliance on memory processing.

The research team also introduced distractions, such as background noise, to simulate real-world language use. Under these conditions, participants with weaker working memory exhibited a noticeable decline in performance. According to the lead scientist, these findings could inform language teaching strategies by emphasizing memory-training exercises. The study underscores the connection between cognitive abilities and practical language skills, offering insights for educators and learners alike.

(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

According to Text 1, working memory…

TEXT 1
The process of learning a second language involves intricate cognitive functions, one of which is working memory. Working memory refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information. Researchers argue that individuals with stronger working memory capacity tend to excel in mastering linguistic components such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This cognitive skill allows learners to process new language rules while simultaneously recalling previously learned material. Moreover, studies suggest that working memory interacts with the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for decision-making and attention control, to facilitate language acquisition.

However, working memory capacity varies among individuals, which may explain why some people find language learning more challenging than others. For instance, when learners encounter complex sentence structures, those with limited working memory may struggle to decode meaning or retain new words. This variability highlights the importance of tailored teaching methods that accommodate different cognitive strengths.

(Adapted from https://www.frontiersin.org)

TEXT 2
A recent experiment conducted at a university language center explored how working memory influences second-language fluency. The study involved bilingual participants who were tasked with translating sentences under time pressure. Researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity, focusing on the parietal lobe, an area linked to memory and sensory integration. The results revealed that participants with higher working memory capacity displayed faster translation speeds and fewer errors. Interestingly, their parietal lobe activity showed heightened activation during the task, suggesting a strong reliance on memory processing.

The research team also introduced distractions, such as background noise, to simulate real-world language use. Under these conditions, participants with weaker working memory exhibited a noticeable decline in performance. According to the lead scientist, these findings could inform language teaching strategies by emphasizing memory-training exercises. The study underscores the connection between cognitive abilities and practical language skills, offering insights for educators and learners alike.

(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

The italicized word “their” in Text 2 Paragraph 1 refers to…

TEXT 1
The process of learning a second language involves intricate cognitive functions, one of which is working memory. Working memory refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information. Researchers argue that individuals with stronger working memory capacity tend to excel in mastering linguistic components such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This cognitive skill allows learners to process new language rules while simultaneously recalling previously learned material. Moreover, studies suggest that working memory interacts with the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for decision-making and attention control, to facilitate language acquisition.

However, working memory capacity varies among individuals, which may explain why some people find language learning more challenging than others. For instance, when learners encounter complex sentence structures, those with limited working memory may struggle to decode meaning or retain new words. This variability highlights the importance of tailored teaching methods that accommodate different cognitive strengths.

(Adapted from https://www.frontiersin.org)

TEXT 2
A recent experiment conducted at a university language center explored how working memory influences second-language fluency. The study involved bilingual participants who were tasked with translating sentences under time pressure. Researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity, focusing on the parietal lobe, an area linked to memory and sensory integration. The results revealed that participants with higher working memory capacity displayed faster translation speeds and fewer errors. Interestingly, their parietal lobe activity showed heightened activation during the task, suggesting a strong reliance on memory processing.

The research team also introduced distractions, such as background noise, to simulate real-world language use. Under these conditions, participants with weaker working memory exhibited a noticeable decline in performance. According to the lead scientist, these findings could inform language teaching strategies by emphasizing memory-training exercises. The study underscores the connection between cognitive abilities and practical language skills, offering insights for educators and learners alike.

(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

Which of the following sentences from Text 2 is an opinion?

TEXT 1
The process of learning a second language involves intricate cognitive functions, one of which is working memory. Working memory refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information. Researchers argue that individuals with stronger working memory capacity tend to excel in mastering linguistic components such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This cognitive skill allows learners to process new language rules while simultaneously recalling previously learned material. Moreover, studies suggest that working memory interacts with the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for decision-making and attention control, to facilitate language acquisition.

However, working memory capacity varies among individuals, which may explain why some people find language learning more challenging than others. For instance, when learners encounter complex sentence structures, those with limited working memory may struggle to decode meaning or retain new words. This variability highlights the importance of tailored teaching methods that accommodate different cognitive strengths.

(Adapted from https://www.frontiersin.org)

TEXT 2
A recent experiment conducted at a university language center explored how working memory influences second-language fluency. The study involved bilingual participants who were tasked with translating sentences under time pressure. Researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity, focusing on the parietal lobe, an area linked to memory and sensory integration. The results revealed that participants with higher working memory capacity displayed faster translation speeds and fewer errors. Interestingly, their parietal lobe activity showed heightened activation during the task, suggesting a strong reliance on memory processing.

The research team also introduced distractions, such as background noise, to simulate real-world language use. Under these conditions, participants with weaker working memory exhibited a noticeable decline in performance. According to the lead scientist, these findings could inform language teaching strategies by emphasizing memory-training exercises. The study underscores the connection between cognitive abilities and practical language skills, offering insights for educators and learners alike.

(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

The findings related to brain activity during language tasks can be found in…

TEXT 1
The process of learning a second language involves intricate cognitive functions, one of which is working memory. Working memory refers to the brain’s ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information. Researchers argue that individuals with stronger working memory capacity tend to excel in mastering linguistic components such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This cognitive skill allows learners to process new language rules while simultaneously recalling previously learned material. Moreover, studies suggest that working memory interacts with the prefrontal cortex, a brain region responsible for decision-making and attention control, to facilitate language acquisition.

However, working memory capacity varies among individuals, which may explain why some people find language learning more challenging than others. For instance, when learners encounter complex sentence structures, those with limited working memory may struggle to decode meaning or retain new words. This variability highlights the importance of tailored teaching methods that accommodate different cognitive strengths.

(Adapted from https://www.frontiersin.org)

TEXT 2
A recent experiment conducted at a university language center explored how working memory influences second-language fluency. The study involved bilingual participants who were tasked with translating sentences under time pressure. Researchers used electroencephalography (EEG) to monitor brain activity, focusing on the parietal lobe, an area linked to memory and sensory integration. The results revealed that participants with higher working memory capacity displayed faster translation speeds and fewer errors. Interestingly, their parietal lobe activity showed heightened activation during the task, suggesting a strong reliance on memory processing.

The research team also introduced distractions, such as background noise, to simulate real-world language use. Under these conditions, participants with weaker working memory exhibited a noticeable decline in performance. According to the lead scientist, these findings could inform language teaching strategies by emphasizing memory-training exercises. The study underscores the connection between cognitive abilities and practical language skills, offering insights for educators and learners alike.

(Adapted from https://www.sciencedaily.com)

What is the relationship between Texts 1 and 2?

A new study, published Thursday in Science, makes a strong case that second theory is the right one. A team of anthropologists from the max Planck institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, developed a battery of learning tests they call the primate cognition test battery, and gave it to 106 chimps, 105 children and 32 orang-utans, to compare the groups directly on physical and social learning, says Esther Hermann, a co – author of the paper: “It’s the first time anything like this has been done.”

The three groups performed about equally well on physical learning – locating hidden objects, figuring out the source of a noise, understanding the concepts more and less, using a stick to get something that’s out of reach. And indeed, the kids were of an age – 2 ½ year old – where it’s widely known that they do perform about as well as chimps in such test. So for example, the scientists would hide a treat of some kind – toy, or some food – behind a box, while the test subjects looked on, the kids, chimps and orang – utans world have to be sophisticated enough to known that the object disappearing from view didn’t mean it stopped existing, and had to be able to figure out where it had gone All three groups did equally well at this sort of thing.

With reference to the primates in the experiment, the author mainly deals with their …

A new study, published Thursday in Science, makes a strong case that second theory is the right one. A team of anthropologists from the max Planck institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, developed a battery of learning tests they call the primate cognition test battery, and gave it to 106 chimps, 105 children and 32 orang-utans, to compare the groups directly on physical and social learning, says Esther Hermann, a co – author of the paper: “It’s the first time anything like this has been done.”

The three groups performed about equally well on physical learning – locating hidden objects, figuring out the source of a noise, understanding the concepts more and less, using a stick to get something that’s out of reach. And indeed, the kids were of an age – 2 ½ year old – where it’s widely known that they do perform about as well as chimps in such test. So for example, the scientists would hide a treat of some kind – toy, or some food – behind a box, while the test subjects looked on, the kids, chimps and orang – utans world have to be sophisticated enough to known that the object disappearing from view didn’t mean it stopped existing, and had to be able to figure out where it had gone All three groups did equally well at this sort of thing.

The purpose of the study is to …

A new study, published Thursday in Science, makes a strong case that second theory is the right one. A team of anthropologists from the max Planck institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, developed a battery of learning tests they call the primate cognition test battery, and gave it to 106 chimps, 105 children and 32 orang-utans, to compare the groups directly on physical and social learning, says Esther Hermann, a co – author of the paper: “It’s the first time anything like this has been done.”

The three groups performed about equally well on physical learning – locating hidden objects, figuring out the source of a noise, understanding the concepts more and less, using a stick to get something that’s out of reach. And indeed, the kids were of an age – 2 ½ year old – where it’s widely known that they do perform about as well as chimps in such test. So for example, the scientists would hide a treat of some kind – toy, or some food – behind a box, while the test subjects looked on, the kids, chimps and orang – utans world have to be sophisticated enough to known that the object disappearing from view didn’t mean it stopped existing, and had to be able to figure out where it had gone All three groups did equally well at this sort of thing.

The expression physical learning in the three groups performed about equality well on physical learning (line 8) refers to …

A new study, published Thursday in Science, makes a strong case that second theory is the right one. A team of anthropologists from the max Planck institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, developed a battery of learning tests they call the primate cognition test battery, and gave it to 106 chimps, 105 children and 32 orang-utans, to compare the groups directly on physical and social learning, says Esther Hermann, a co – author of the paper: “It’s the first time anything like this has been done.”

The three groups performed about equally well on physical learning – locating hidden objects, figuring out the source of a noise, understanding the concepts more and less, using a stick to get something that’s out of reach. And indeed, the kids were of an age – 2 ½ year old – where it’s widely known that they do perform about as well as chimps in such test. So for example, the scientists would hide a treat of some kind – toy, or some food – behind a box, while the test subjects looked on, the kids, chimps and orang – utans world have to be sophisticated enough to known that the object disappearing from view didn’t mean it stopped existing, and had to be able to figure out where it had gone All three groups did equally well at this sort of thing.

From the passage it can be inferred that infants of about 2 – 3 years of age would probably generally …

A new study, published Thursday in Science, makes a strong case that second theory is the right one. A team of anthropologists from the max Planck institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, developed a battery of learning tests they call the primate cognition test battery, and gave it to 106 chimps, 105 children and 32 orang-utans, to compare the groups directly on physical and social learning, says Esther Hermann, a co – author of the paper: “It’s the first time anything like this has been done.”

The three groups performed about equally well on physical learning – locating hidden objects, figuring out the source of a noise, understanding the concepts more and less, using a stick to get something that’s out of reach. And indeed, the kids were of an age – 2 ½ year old – where it’s widely known that they do perform about as well as chimps in such test. So for example, the scientists would hide a treat of some kind – toy, or some food – behind a box, while the test subjects looked on, the kids, chimps and orang – utans world have to be sophisticated enough to known that the object disappearing from view didn’t mean it stopped existing, and had to be able to figure out where it had gone All three groups did equally well at this sort of thing.

The paragraph preceding the passage above is most likely about a description of …

In the US, consumers spend around $700 million a year keeping their fabrics soft. In the UK people spend £200 million a year on fabric softener. A giant manufacturer even claims a massive 50 percent share of the market. Despite the popularity, fabric softeners can be harmful to both the people who use them and the marine life that ends up swimming in them.

Fabric softening surfactants can be derived from animals, plants or minerals, as in the case of newer, silicone-based formulations. There is little difference between the chemicals used in fabric softeners and those used in hair conditioners. Whatever they are based on, all fabric softeners work in pretty much the same way, by depositing these surfactants onto the fabric to make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance.

Special fixatives in the mix of both standard and luxury conditioners mean that the fragrance can last for days, permeating wardrobes and drawers. The regular off-gassing of perfume chemicals from fabric softeners can be a significant trigger for asthma and other breathing problems. In the US, chemically sensitive individuals complain that, even after several washes, they cannot get the smell of fabric softeners out of their washing machines and dryers.

If you are a fabric softener addict, there are now a number of companies that provide alternative and ‘green’ fabric softeners. However, essentially, these are unnecessary products that can trigger health problems and can interfere with the functional aspect of some textiles. For instance, when used on towels and nappies, some fabric softeners can reduce absorbency, which is why it’s generally recommended that reusable nappies aren’t washed with them. Once they are washed down the drain they can become highly toxic to aquatic life. Given this, maybe it’s worth asking yourself whether the time has come to break the fabric softener habit completely.

What does the passage mainly talk about?

In the US, consumers spend around $700 million a year keeping their fabrics soft. In the UK people spend £200 million a year on fabric softener. A giant manufacturer even claims a massive 50 percent share of the market. Despite the popularity, fabric softeners can be harmful to both the people who use them and the marine life that ends up swimming in them.

Fabric softening surfactants can be derived from animals, plants or minerals, as in the case of newer, silicone-based formulations. There is little difference between the chemicals used in fabric softeners and those used in hair conditioners. Whatever they are based on, all fabric softeners work in pretty much the same way, by depositing these surfactants onto the fabric to make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance.

Special fixatives in the mix of both standard and luxury conditioners mean that the fragrance can last for days, permeating wardrobes and drawers. The regular off-gassing of perfume chemicals from fabric softeners can be a significant trigger for asthma and other breathing problems. In the US, chemically sensitive individuals complain that, even after several washes, they cannot get the smell of fabric softeners out of their washing machines and dryers.

If you are a fabric softener addict, there are now a number of companies that provide alternative and ‘green’ fabric softeners. However, essentially, these are unnecessary products that can trigger health problems and can interfere with the functional aspect of some textiles. For instance, when used on towels and nappies, some fabric softeners can reduce absorbency, which is why it’s generally recommended that reusable nappies aren’t washed with them. Once they are washed down the drain they can become highly toxic to aquatic life. Given this, maybe it’s worth asking yourself whether the time has come to break the fabric softener habit completely.

The word permeating in the third paragraph is similar in meaning with …

In the US, consumers spend around $700 million a year keeping their fabrics soft. In the UK people spend £200 million a year on fabric softener. A giant manufacturer even claims a massive 50 percent share of the market. Despite the popularity, fabric softeners can be harmful to both the people who use them and the marine life that ends up swimming in them.

Fabric softening surfactants can be derived from animals, plants or minerals, as in the case of newer, silicone-based formulations. There is little difference between the chemicals used in fabric softeners and those used in hair conditioners. Whatever they are based on, all fabric softeners work in pretty much the same way, by depositing these surfactants onto the fabric to make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance.

Special fixatives in the mix of both standard and luxury conditioners mean that the fragrance can last for days, permeating wardrobes and drawers. The regular off-gassing of perfume chemicals from fabric softeners can be a significant trigger for asthma and other breathing problems. In the US, chemically sensitive individuals complain that, even after several washes, they cannot get the smell of fabric softeners out of their washing machines and dryers.

If you are a fabric softener addict, there are now a number of companies that provide alternative and ‘green’ fabric softeners. However, essentially, these are unnecessary products that can trigger health problems and can interfere with the functional aspect of some textiles. For instance, when used on towels and nappies, some fabric softeners can reduce absorbency, which is why it’s generally recommended that reusable nappies aren’t washed with them. Once they are washed down the drain they can become highly toxic to aquatic life. Given this, maybe it’s worth asking yourself whether the time has come to break the fabric softener habit completely.

Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that …

A complete skeleton of a 19- or 20-year-old Homo sapiens was found during 2020 excavations at a site called Liang Tebo, in remote Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat region of eastern Kalimantan. Early human remains are scarce in the region, and the researchers involved in this study suggest this may be the oldest known burial of a modern human that has ever been found in the region’s islands. During the dig, the find took on a whole new level of intrigue as the team discovered that the skeleton’s lower leg was entirely missing. The limb had been not broken or smashed, but cleanly removed, and the archaeologists found unusual bony overgrowth on the remaining fragments of the tibia and fibula. That overgrowth matched overgrowth seen in modern clinical cases of amputations.

Further investigations showed that the bone developed atrophy, indicating the part of the limb that remained was a stump with limited use. Investigations into this remodeling of bone structure showed some six to nine years of such changes. “This confirms that the surgery was not fatal, not infected and likely occurred during late childhood,” says Tim Maloney, who specializes in the archaeology of Borneo at Griffith University, in Australia, and co-authored the study.

To perform a successful operation, prehistoric surgeons must have had knowledge of anatomy. They sliced through not only bone but muscles, veins and nerves in such a way that the patient didn’t bleed to death or go into a fatal state of shock. Their scalpels were likely the flaked lithic edges common to the era: a stone called chert, which can produce extremely sharp edges. Afterwards the surgeons may have employed a tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither would leave clear evidence on the skeleton and so remain unknown possibilities.

What seems certain, however, is that the patient enjoyed a considerable level of post-op care. “It is highly unlikely that this individual could have survived the procedure without intensive nursing care, including blood loss and shock management, and regular wound cleaning,” Maloney notes. He believes the successful operation implies that the community also had some understanding of antiseptic and antimicrobial management to prevent fatal infection. In this, their foraging lifestyle and forest environment might have proved to be advantages.

Which information indicates the assertion that the early human survived the suggested amputation?

A complete skeleton of a 19- or 20-year-old Homo sapiens was found during 2020 excavations at a site called Liang Tebo, in remote Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat region of eastern Kalimantan. Early human remains are scarce in the region, and the researchers involved in this study suggest this may be the oldest known burial of a modern human that has ever been found in the region’s islands. During the dig, the find took on a whole new level of intrigue as the team discovered that the skeleton’s lower leg was entirely missing. The limb had been not broken or smashed, but cleanly removed, and the archaeologists found unusual bony overgrowth on the remaining fragments of the tibia and fibula. That overgrowth matched overgrowth seen in modern clinical cases of amputations.

Further investigations showed that the bone developed atrophy, indicating the part of the limb that remained was a stump with limited use. Investigations into this remodeling of bone structure showed some six to nine years of such changes. “This confirms that the surgery was not fatal, not infected and likely occurred during late childhood,” says Tim Maloney, who specializes in the archaeology of Borneo at Griffith University, in Australia, and co-authored the study.

To perform a successful operation, prehistoric surgeons must have had knowledge of anatomy. They sliced through not only bone but muscles, veins and nerves in such a way that the patient didn’t bleed to death or go into a fatal state of shock. Their scalpels were likely the flaked lithic edges common to the era: a stone called chert, which can produce extremely sharp edges. Afterwards the surgeons may have employed a tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither would leave clear evidence on the skeleton and so remain unknown possibilities.

What seems certain, however, is that the patient enjoyed a considerable level of post-op care. “It is highly unlikely that this individual could have survived the procedure without intensive nursing care, including blood loss and shock management, and regular wound cleaning,” Maloney notes. He believes the successful operation implies that the community also had some understanding of antiseptic and antimicrobial management to prevent fatal infection. In this, their foraging lifestyle and forest environment might have proved to be advantages.

What is the significance of the expression “the find took on a whole new level of intrigue”?